Impact of e-cigarettes use on the oral health-related quality of life among young people in metropolitan Lima / Impacto en la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en los jóvenes de Lima metropolitana

Aim: To determine the effects of e-cigarette use on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) in young people in Metropolitan Lima. Materials and Methods: This observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was performed with 189 individuals (age, 18­29 years) who used electronic cigarettes. The OHIP-Sp5 instrument was used to assess OHRQOL. Results: The use of e-cigarettes was higher among male participants (47.79%) than that among the female participants (26.32%). The mean OHRQOL scores of individuals who did and did not use e-cigarettes were 3.17 (2.26) and 3.12 (2.47), respectively These scores for people who did and did not use mouthwash were 2.92 (2.34) and 3.57 (2.43), respectively. Regarding orofacial pain 2.65% participants frequently re-ported "painful discomfort" and 7.41% of the young people presented such discomfort of orofacial aspect "frequently." Conclusions: Recording e-cigarette uses and frequency in patients' medical records is important, as well as incorporating educational strategies to reduce e-cigarette consumption and avoiding harmful effects on general health.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto en la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en los jóvenes de Lima Metropolitana. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal en un total de 189 jóvenes con edades comprendidas de 18 a 29 años que son usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos. Para evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral se utilizó el instrumento "OHIP-Sp5". Resultados: Se determinó que los participantes del sexo masculino (47.79%) son los que más utilizan el cigarrillo electrónico en comparación a las participantes del sexo femenino (26.32%). Se observó una calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral media de 3,17 (2,26) para los usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos, mientras que para los no usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos la media fue de 3,12 (2,47). Asimismo, para los que usan enjuagues bucales se encontró una media de 2.92(2.34), a diferencia de los que no hacían uso del mismo que presentaban peor calidad de vida relacionada con la salud oral con una media de 3.57(2.43). En cuanto a dolor orofacial el 2.65% de los participantes referían "molestias dolorosas" a menudo y el 7.41% de los jóvenes presentaban dicho disconfort de la apariencia orofacial "a menudo". Conclusión: El registro del uso y frecuencia del cigarrillo electrónico en la historia clínica de los pacientes es de suma importancia, así como incorporar estrategias educativas para reducir el consumo de los vapeadores y evitar efectos nocivos en la salud general.

Self-Medication for Toothache in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To construct, validate, and apply a questionnaire to assess and characterize the practice of self-medication performed by parents or children's guardians undergoing dental care. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was constructed, validated, and applied through personal interviews in the teaching clinics of two higher education institutions in the Federal District. Absolute and relative frequencies of categorical variables were calculated using descriptive statistics. Quantitative data were presented as mean and standard deviation. The chi-square test measured the association between the studied variables and self-medication. Results: One hundred and five participants were interviewed between August 2019 and November 2020. The average age of the participants was 37 (± 9) years, and most were mothers of the children who attended (78%) and users of the public health system (94.2%). The average family income was 1.88 minimum wage, and the most prevalent educational level was complete high school (40%). Conclusion: Despite the high level of knowledge about medication safety in children, self-medication was practiced in 50% of them. Difficulty in accessing dental treatment was mentioned by most as a justification. Self-medication was associated with dental pain, continuous medication use, and family self-medication habits.

Impacto da dor orofacial na qualidade de vida de portadores de câncer de boca e orofaringe / Impact of orofacial pain on the quality of life of mouth and oropharynge cancer patients

RESUMO Objetivo investigar o impacto da dor orofacial na qualidade de vida de portadores de câncer de boca e orofaringe. Métodos trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, observacional, descritivo, com amostra de conveniência. Participaram da pesquisa 30 pacientes de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 35 a 75 anos. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado questionário sociodemográfico elaborado pelos pesquisadores e o Questionário de Dor McGill. Resultados Os achados experimentais apresentaram resultados relevantes em diversos níveis classificatórios para dor orofacial. As maiores repercussões foram encontradas nos aspectos sociais, como em relação ao sono (40%), apetite/alimentação (78%), higiene pessoal (55%) e lazer (40%), que foram os subitens que tiveram maior impacto da dor na qualidade de vida dos portadores de câncer de boca e orofaringe. Conclusão Portadores de câncer de boca e orofaringe apresentam variados níveis de dor orofacial e sofrem impactos em suas vidas, principalmente nos quesitos relacionados a atividades simples do cotidiano.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the impact of orofacial pain on the quality of life of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Methods This is a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study with a convenience sample. Thirty patients of both sexes participated in the research, aged between 35 and 75 years. For data collection, a sociodemographic questionnaire prepared by the researchers, the McGuill pain protocol, was used. Results The experimental findings show us relevant results at different classification levels for orofacial pain. The greatest repercussions were found in social aspects, such as sleep (40%), appetite/food (78%), personal hygiene (55%) and leisure (40%), which were the sub-items that had the greatest impact on pain (or which were the sub-items mostly affected by pain), affecting the the quality of life of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Conclusion Under these experimental conditions, it is concluded that patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer present different levels of orofacial pain, and suffer impacts on their lives, especially in matters related to simple daily activities.

Manifestações oftalmológicas em paciente com aneurisma gigante de carótida interna / Ophthalmological manifestation in patient with gigantic aneurysm of the internal carotid

RESUMO Os aneurismas intracranianos são dilatações em segmentos arteriais que irrigam o sistema nervoso central. Acometem 2% da população e as alterações oftalmológicas podem ser as primeiras manifestações do quadro. O objetivo deste relato foi descrever um caso de aneurisma de artéria carótida interna que cursou com restrição da movimentação ocular, alteração do reflexo fotomotor, ptose palpebral, dor facial e cervical. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela identificação do aneurisma por meio do exame de angiografia cerebral. Foi realizado teste de oclusão por balão, cujo resultado positivo possibilitou a oclusão total da artéria carótida interna por meio de ligadura cirúrgica, procedimento este realizado com sucesso.

ABSTRACT Intracranial aneurysms are dilations in segments of the arteries that irrigate the central nervous system. They affect 2% of the population and the ophthalmologic disorders may be the first evidence in the clinical examination. The aim of the report is to describe a case of an internal carotid artery aneurysm that showed restrictions of ocular movements, change of pupillary light reflex, palpebral ptosis, facial, and cervical pain. This diagnosis was confirmed by the identification of the aneurysm through angiography. A balloon occlusion test was performed, and its positive result made a complete occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery possible through surgery ligation, procedure that was successful.

Impact event and orofacial pain amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a cross-sectional epidemiological study

Abstract Objectives This study aims to assess the impact of social isolation, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, on mental health, Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) and orofacial pain in men and women. Methodology Individuals living in Brazil answered an online questionnaire on their sociodemographic and behavioral aspects, emotional scale (DASS-21), Impact of Event Scale, and Pain Screener in Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD-Pain Screener) during June 2020. Descriptive statistical analyses and logistic and linear regressions were applied (5% significance). Results Overall, 2301 individuals were included, 89.1% practiced social isolation, 72.6% were employed/studying, at least 15% presented severe or extremely severe levels of emotional distress and presence of powerful (34.1%) and severe impact event (15%). During the outbreak, 53.2% perceived feeling worse and 31.8% reported that orofacial pain started or worsened after the pandemic outbreak. Gender was associated with "social class" (P=0.036), "pain/stiffness in the jaw on awakening" (P=0.037), "change of pain during jaw habits" (P=0.034) and "perception of change in the situations mentioned in the TMD-Pain Screener" (P=0.020), "depression" (P=0.012), "anxiety" (P=0.006) and "impact of the event" (P=8.3E-11). Social isolation had a lesser chance to change the routine, to be practiced by the unemployed/not studying, and to be practiced by men (all with P<0.001). Associations were found between social class and all subscales of the DASS-21 and IES, all with P<0.001. Conclusions The practice of social isolation has social determinants. High levels of psychological and event impacts were detected. The presence of orofacial pain seemed to increase during the health crisis, and there were gender differences in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Odontogenic Maxillofacial Infections in a High-level Hospital: Orofacial Pain and Related Conditions

ABSTRACT Objective: Odontogenic infection is a common condition in America; the aim of this research was to determine the profile of odontogenic maxillofacial infections and to identify the link between these and the pain felt by patients admitted to the emergency dental service of the Hernân Henriquez Aravena Hospital in Temuco, Chile. Methods: A cross-sectional, double-blind study analysed 49 individuals admitted for emergency dental care. Included were admissions associated with odontogenic infection identified by clinical examination, establishing a relation to pain through a survey. The diagnosis was made clinically using the fascial spaces involved in the infection, presence of self-medication prior to admission, need for surgical treatment and the patient 's systemic conditions. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared, ANOVA, considering a value of p < 0.05 as significant. Results: The average pain level measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) in emergency admission was 8.1. There was no association between the diagnosis (pulp infection, periodontal infection or pericoronitis) and the VAS (p = 0.078), but there was association between age and the diagnosis (p = 0.022), and the VAS was associated with pain compared to other types of pathologies or traumas (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Odontogenic infection is frequent and linked to age and high-pain values. New public policies should be adopted based on these results. New studies are needed to assess new variables associated with these pathologies.

The Orofacial Pain Clinic Questionnaire (EDOF-HC) in the evaluation and diagnosis of orofacial pain / Questionário da Equipe de Dor Orofacial (EDOF-HC) na avaliação e diagnóstico da dor orofacial

ABSTRACT Background: Diagnostic tools are necessary for the anamnesis and examination of orofacial pain, in order to fulfill diagnostic criteria and to screen potential causes of pain. Objective: To evaluate the Orofacial Pain Clinic Questionnaire (EDOF-HC) in the assessment and diagnosis of orofacial pain. Methods: Overall, 142 patients were evaluated and classified according to the criteria of the International Headache Society and International Association for the Study of Pain. All of them were evaluated with the EDOF-HC questionnaire, which consists of the orofacial and medical history, as well as the orofacial examination. Data were statistically analyzed with chi-square test and Bonferroni correction, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test, the two-step cluster and decision tree methods. Results: There were diferences in pain descriptors, pain in maximum mouth opening, number of trigger points, and history of previous surgery between the groups, which were classified into trigeminal neuralgia, burning mouth syndrome, temporomandibular disorders and trigeminal posttraumatic neuropathic pain with classification analysis. Conclusions: The EDOF-HC is a clinical supportive tool for the assessment of orofacial pain. The instrument may be used to support data collection from anamnesis and examination of patients according to the diagnostic criteria of most common orofacial conditions. It is also useful in the investigation of local and systemic abnormalities and contributes for the diagnosis of conditions that depend on exclusion criteria.

RESUMO Introdução: Instrumentos diagnósticos são necessários para a anamnese e exame da dor orofacial, auxiliando na identificação das causas potenciais de dor. Objetivo: Avaliar o Questionário da Equipe de Dor Orofacial (EDOF-HC) na abordagem e diagnóstico da dor orofacial. Métodos: Ao todo, 142 pacientes foram avaliados e classificados de acordo com os critérios da Sociedade Internacional de Cefaleias e da Associação Internacional para o Estudo da Dor. Todos foram avaliados com o questionário EDOF-HC, que consiste na anamnese orofacial e médica, além do exame físico orofacial. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com os testes qui-quadrado com correção de Bonferroni, ANOVA de um fator e post hoc de Tukey, além dos métodos de classificação em cluster e árvore decisória. Resultados: Houve diferenças entre os diagnósticos quanto aos descritores da dor, dor na abertura bucal máxima, número de pontos-gatilho mastigatórios e história prévia de cirurgia, o que esteve de acordo com a classificação nos diagnósticos de neuralgia do trigêmeo, síndrome da ardência bucal, disfunção temporomandibular e dor neuropática pós-traumática trigeminal. Conclusões: O Questionário da Equipe de Dor Orofacial (EDOF-HC) mostrou ser um instrumento de apoio para a avaliação da dor orofacial, útil na coleta de dados de anamnese e exame clínico dos pacientes, observando os principais sinais e sintomas relacionados aos critérios diagnósticos das condições orofaciais dolorosas mais comuns. Também é útil na avaliação de comorbidades locais e sistêmicas e contribui para o diagnóstico de condições que dependem em critérios de exclusão.

Occurrence of nonarticular incidental findings on panoramic radiographs in painful temporomandibular disorders / Ocurrencia de hallazgos incidentales no articulares en ortopantomografias en los trastornos temporomandibulares dolorosos

Facial pain is one of the symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) but can be associated with other pathological conditions. The present study retrospectively evaluated the occurrence of nonarticular incidental findings in panoramic radiographs in a group of patients with painful TMDs. Outpatients with a diagnosis of TMD were included and distributed into three groups: arthralgia, myalgia or arthralgia and myalgia, according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Nonarticular incidental findings of their panoramic radiographs were classified in relation to pathological, dental and endodontic status. The dependency relationships among the variables were analyzed using the likelihood test. Sixty patients (38 women and 22 men; mean age: 36.9 years) were evaluated. There was a predominance of arthralgia plus disc displacement (43.4 %), followed by myopain plus arthralgia and disc displacement (38.3 %) and myopain (18.3 %). Pathologic radiographic changes such as bone loss, caries, maxillary sinus opacification and periapical lesions were frequent. Dental alterations such as the absence and altered position of teeth and impacted teeth were frequent. Endodontic changes such as periapical lesions with or without endodontic treatment were frequent. There was no significant difference between groups except for gyroversion. The incidental findings were compatible with caries, sinusitis, impacted tooth and periapical lesion, which may be associated with orofacial pain and could potentially be superimposed on the initial diagnosis, although this hypothesis was discarded. Findings such as the absence and altered position of teeth were also frequent, which may represent occlusal factors associated with TMDs.

El dolor orofacial es uno de los síntomas de los trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM), pero puede estar asociado con otras afecciones patológicas. El presente estudio evaluó retrospectivamente la aparición de hallazgos incidentales no articulares a través de ortopantomografías en un grupo de pacientes con TTM dolorosas. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de TTM y se distribuyeron en tres grupos: artralgia, mialgia o artralgia y mialgia, de acuerdo con los criterios de diagnóstico para los trastornos temporomandibulares (DC/TMD). Los hallazgos incidentales no articulares de las ortopantomografias se clasificaron en relación al estado patológico, dental y endodóncico. Las relaciones de dependencia entre las variables se analizaron mediante la prueba de probabilidad. Fueron evaluados 60 pacientes (38 mujeres y 22 hombres; edad media: 36,9 años). Hubo predominio de artralgia más desplazamiento de disco (43,4 %), seguido de mialgia más artralgia y desplazamiento de disco (38,3 %) y mialgia (18,3 %). Las alteraciones radiográficas patológicas como pérdida ósea, carie dentaria, opacificación del seno maxilar y lesiones periapicales fueron frecuentes. Entre las alteraciones dentales, las impactaciones, malposiciones o ausencias dentarias fueron frecuentes. Entre las alteraciones endodóncicas, las lesiones periapicales frecuentes. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos, excepto para la girosversión dentaria. Los hallazgos incidentales fueron compatibles con carie dentaria, sinusitis, diente impactado y lesión periapical, lo que podría estar asociado con el dolor orofacial y así estar sobrepuesto en el diagnóstico inicial, aunque esta hipótesis fue descartada. Hallazgos como la ausencia y la posición alterada de los dientes también fueron frecuentes, lo que puede representar factores oclusales asociados con TTM.

Impact of the First Archwires Placement on the Everyday Activities of Orthodontics Patients / Impacto de la Instalación de los Primeros Arcos en las Actividades de Vida Diaria en Pacientes de Ortodoncia

ABSTRACT: Orthodontic treatment (OT) is essential for the aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of the chewing apparatus, however it may lead to certain complications which can have a negative impact on patients' everyday lives. The study included patients of the Dental Teaching Clinic of Universidad de La Frontera who were undergoing OT for the first time, with the placement of their first orthodontic arch. To analyse the impact of the placement of the first arches on everyday activities (EDA), patients completed a questionnaire with questions relating to their oral condition, including: functional limitation, physical impairment, psychological malaise, physical pain and oral hygiene. The impact on EDAs was classified as high, moderate or low. The chisquared test, Student's t-test and Spearman's coefficient were applied, using a significance threshold of 5 %. Statistical analysis used the SPSS software, v. 22.0. The variables were analysed by sex and age-band. Difficulty in brushing their teeth, eating and speaking were the limitations on EDAs most frequently reported by the patients. Females presented higher scores than males (p=0.003), showing that they suffer a greater negative impact on EDAs than do males. The majority of the patients presented a low impact on EDAs after the placement of their first orthodontic arches. Physical pain after installation, and difficulty in adapting to the orthodontic apparatus were factors determining a negative impact on EDAs, affecting sleep, speech, eating and oral hygiene of patients after starting OT.

RESUMEN: El tratamiento ortodóntico (TO) es esencial para la rehabilitación estética y funcional del aparato masticatorio, sin embargo puede determinar algunas complicaciones que pueden impactar negativamente en la vida diaria de los pacientes. Fueron incluidos pacientes de la Clínica Odontológica Docente Asistencial de la Universidad de La Frontera que realizaban tratamiento ortodóntico por primera vez, con instalación del primer arco ortodóntico. Para análisis del impacto de la instalación de los primeros arcos en las actividades de vida diaria (AVD), los pacientes llenaron un cuestionario con preguntas relacionadas a su condición oral, incluyendo: limitación funcional, incapacidad física, incapacidad psicológica, dolor físico e higiene oral. El impacto en las AVDs fueclasificado como alto, moderado y bajo. Para análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SPSS v. 22.0. Fueron aplicadas las pruebas de chi-cuadrado, t-student y Spearman's coefficient, considerándose umbral de significación de 5 %. Para análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SPSS v. 22.0. Las variables fueron analizadas según sexos y rangos etarios. Dificultad para cepillar los dientes, para comer y hablar fueron las limitaciones en las AVDs más frecuentemente reportadas por los pacientes. Las mujeres presentaron mayores puntajes en relación a los hombres (p=0,003), lo que demostró que presentan mayor impacto negativo en las AVDs en relación a los hombres. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron bajo impacto en las AVDs tras la instalación de los primeros arcos de ortodoncia. El dolor físico tras instalación y la dificultad en la adaptación con el aparato ortodóntico fueron factores que determinaron impacto negativo en las AVDs, afectando el sueño, el habla, la alimentación y la higiene oral de los pacientes que iniciaron el TO.

Implementation of TMD pain screening questionnaire in peruvian dental students / Implementacion de un cuestionario de triaje para trastornos temporomandibulares asociados al dolor en estudiantes de odontologia peruanos

The aim of this study was to screen for painful TMD conditions by implementing the validated Axis I screening instrument from the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. Using the screener as a surrogate, the prevalence of the conditions was estimated among a convenience sample of dental students in Peru. A total 2,562 dental students, 63.7% women, aged 18 to 62 completed the instrument. Prevalence was estimated using both the short and long versions. The prevalence of painful TMD conditions was 19.4% with the short and 16.1% with the long version. The distribution of the conditions according to gender differed significantly between groups (p<.001). Prevalence estimates of painful TMD conditions using the screening instrument seems to be logistically adequate in a field assessment involving multiple geographic and cultural regions in Peru. These estimates seem to be consistent with internationally reported values.

El objetivo de este estudio fue tener una estimación de las condiciones de los trastornos temporomandibulares asociados al dolor, mediante la implementación de un instrumento validado de triaje para la medición del Eje I de los Criterios Diagnósticos para los Trastornos Temporomandibulares (CD/TTM). Usando este instrumento como un sustituto, se estimó la prevalencia de estas condiciones en una muestra por conveniencia de estudiantes de Odontología en el Perú. Un total de 2,562 estudiantes de Odontología, 63.7% mujeres, entre las edades de 18 a 62 años de edad, completaron el instrumento. La prevalencia fue estimada empleando las versiones corta y larga del instrumento. La prevalencia de los TTM asociados al dolor fue de 19.4% con la versión corta y 16.1% con la versión larga. La distribución de estas condiciones fue estadísticamente diferente según el sexo (p<.001). El empleo del instrumento de triaje para estimar la prevalencia de los TTMs asociados al dolor parece ser logísticamente adecuado en un escenario de diversas regiones geográficas y culturales en el Perú. Estas estimaciones parecen ser consistentes con valores internacionalmente reportados.

Alteraciones posturales frecuentes en pacientes con diferentes tipos de trastornos temporomandibulares / Frequent postural alterations in patients with different types of temporomandibular disorders

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir las alteraciones posturales más frecuentes, de acuerdo al tipo de trastorno temporomandibular (TTM). Metodología Se analizaron 30 pacientes con edad media de 27,4 años; 80% mujeres, con diagnóstico de TTM confirmado con los Criterios Diagnósticos (CD/TTM) por investigador capacitado en la clínica de la Facultad de Estomatología de la BUAP. Posteriormente se realizó el análisis postural (tres vistas) con ayuda de una cuadrícula de acetato en las instalaciones de la Licenciatura de Fisioterapia de la BUAP. Se analizaron los resultados con estadística descriptiva en el programa SPSS v20. Resultados El 16,7% de los pacientes presentó TTM de origen muscular, el 36,7% articular y el resto combinado. Las alteraciones posturales más frecuentes fueron: hombro elevado: 93,3%, basculación pélvica: 86,7% y posición de cabeza adelantada: 83,3%. El mayor porcentaje de pacientes presentó cinco alteraciones posturales. El 100% presentó alteraciones en la vista lateral y el 50% de los pacientes con TTM de origen combinado presentaron alteraciones en las tres vistas, mientras en los de origen articular; el 45,5% y en los de origen muscular; el 60%. Conclusiones Los pacientes con TTM presentan alteraciones posturales; principalmente posición de cabeza adelantada, basculación pélvica y hombro elevado, con especial compromiso en los de diagnóstico muscular y combinado.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe postural alterations according to the type of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Methods Prior informed consent, 30 patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 27.4 years; 80% women, diagnosed with TMD based on Diagnostic Criteria (DC/ TTM) by a trained researcher in the clinic of the Faculty of Stomatology of the BUAP. Subsequently, a postural analysis (three views) was carried out at the facilities of the School of Physiotherapy of the BUAP using an acetate grid. The results were analyzed with descriptive statistics in the SPSS v20 program. Results 16.7% of the patients presented muscular TMD, 36.7% joint TMD, and the rest combined TMD. The most common postural alterations were: high shoulder: 93.3%, pelvic tilt: 86.7%, and forward head posture: 83.3%. On average, the patients had between 4 and 5 postural changes. 100% of the patients ha alterations in the side view, while 50% of the patients with TMD of combined origin had alterations in the three views, as well as 45.5% of the patients with TMD of joint origin, and 60% of the patients with TMD of muscular origin. Conclusions TMD patients present postural changes, mainly forward head posture, pelvic tilt and high shoulder, with special involvement related to muscle and combined diagnosis.(AU)

Bola fúngica de cavidades paranasales: serie de casos / Fungus ball of the paranasal sinuses: case series

RESUMEN Introducción La bola fúngica (BF) es una sinusitis fúngica no invasiva, con acumulación extramucosa de conglomerados densos de hifas de hongos en cavidades paranasales (CPN), afectando generalmente a mujeres inmunocompetentes. Objetivo Describir la presentación cínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento de una serie de pacientes con diagnóstico de BF de CPN. Material y método Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de BF sometidos a cirugía endoscópica nasal (CEN) en nuestra institución entre 2010 y 2016. Resultados Se incluyeron 20 pacientes (15 mujeres, 5 hombres), con edad promedio al diagnóstico de 64 años (35-86 años), la mayoría inmunocompetente (85%). El síntoma más frecuente fue dolor facial (8/20). Todos los pacientes fueron estudiados con tomografia computarizada (TC) de CPN, presentando calcificaciones en 70%. La ubicación más frecuente fue el seno maxilar (12/20) y luego esfenoidal (6/20). Se realizó CEN en todos los pacientes, combinándolo con Caldwell Luc en 3 de ellos. Los cultivos intraoperatorios resultaron negativos en el 75% de los pacientes. Conclusión La BF tiene presentación cínica inespecifica. Se sospecha en base a hallazgos imagenológicos en la TC de CPN y se confirma histopatológicamente, dado el bajo rendimiento de los cultivos. La CEN es la herramienta diagnóstico-terapéutica de elección, con baja tasa de recidiva local.

ABSTRACT Introduction A fungus ball (FB) is a non-invasive fungal sinusitis, consisting of extramucosal accumulation of dense fungal hyphae conglomerates, located in paranasal sinuses. It generally affects immunocompetent women. Aim To describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment in a series of patients diagnosed with FB of paranasal sinuses. Material and method Retrospective descriptive study regarding all patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of FB, who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in our institution between 2010 and 2016. Results Twenty patients (15 women, 5 men) were included, with a mean age at diagnosis of 64 years (35-86 years). Most were immunocompetent (85%). Facial pain was the most frequent symptom (8/20). All patients were studied with a sinus CT, finding paranasal calcifications in 70%. It predominantly involved the maxillary (12/20), and sphenoid sinus (6/20). All patients were treated with ESS, with a combined Caldwell Luc approach in only 3 of them. Intraoperative cultures were negative in 75% of patients. Conclusions Sinus FB has a non-specific clinical presentation. CT findings help suspect it, and it is confirmed with a histopathological study, given the poor efficiency of cultures. ESS is the diagnostic-therapeutic procedure of choice, with a low local recurrence rate.

Perceptions of pain levels and chewing impairment among adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances

Aim: the aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the perceptions of adolescents regarding pain levels and chewing impairment throughout the first 12 months of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. methods: a total of 120 adolescents aged 11 and 12 years undergoing orthodontic treatment at the faculty of dentistry of the Federal University of Minas Gerais participated in this study. malocclusion was evaluated by means of the dental aesthetic index. pain level and degree of chewing impairment were evaluated by means of two questions selected from the short form of the child perceptions questionnaire (CPQ11-14). each question had five response options with the following scoring system: never (0), once or twice (1), sometimes (2), often (3) and every day/almost every day (4). both questions were answered by the adolescents at four different times: before fixed appliances' placement (T1), one month after banding and fixed appliances' bonding (T2), four months after banding and fixed appliances' bonding (T3), and 12 months after banding and fixed appliances' bonding (T4). results: the mean age of adolescents was 11.39 (±0.68). significant differences were observed for pain levels (p=0.038) and chewing impairment (p=0.020) over the study period. pain levels at T1 were significantly lower than at T2 (p=0.038) and T4 (p=0.020). chewing impairment at T1 was significant lower than at T2 (p<0.001), T3 (p=0.014) and T4 (p=0.005). conclusion: adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances present an increase in pain levels and in chewing impairment.

Evaluación del manejo del dolor de la patología facial y oral en un Servicio de Urgencias Pediátrico y tras el alta domiciliaria / Assessment of orofacial pain management in a pediatric emergency department and at home after discharge

Introducción. El manejo inadecuado del dolor es frecuente en Urgencias. El objetivo fue analizar el manejo del dolor de niños con patología infecciosa o traumática del área facial/oral en Urgencias y evaluar el cumplimiento y satisfacción sobre la analgesia prescrita al momento del alta. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal, observacional y analítico en niños que acudieron a Urgencias con patología infecciosa/traumática de la región facial/oral durante 2 meses. Se recogieron el manejo del dolor en Urgencias, la analgesia prescrita para el domicilio y, tras el contacto telefónico con los padres, el tratamiento realizado y su adecuación al dolor del niño. Resultados. Fueron incluidos 252 pacientes (edad media de 4,5 años, desvío estándar 3,89). En 8,7%, figuraba la evaluación del dolor en triaje y, en 3,6%, en el informe médico. Se administró analgesia en Urgencias al 41,3%. Al momento del alta, en un 13,9%, no se prescribió analgesia; en 25,4%, se prescribió pautada y, en 60,3%, a demanda. Los pediatras usaron más analgesia pautada que los cirujanos (34,4% vs. 16,5%, p < 0,01). En el domicilio, no administraron analgesia en el 39,3%; en un 36,1%, pautada y, en un 23%, a demanda. Existió escasa correlación entre la pauta al momento del alta y la administrada en el domicilio (kappa: 0,178). Se consideró la analgesia adecuada en el 84%, con más frecuencia en patología traumática que infecciosa (85,7% vs. 14,3%, p < 0,01). Conclusiones. Se observó escasa evaluación y tratamiento del dolor en Urgencias. La prescripción más usada fue a demanda en vez de pautada, al contrario de lo recomendado en las guías. El control analgésico fue mejor en patología traumática que infecciosa.

Introduction. An inadequate pain management is common in the emergency department. Our objective was to analyze pain management among children with an orofacial infection or trauma in the emergency department and to assess compliance and satisfaction with analgesia prescribed at discharge. Population and methods. Cross-sectional, observational and analytical study in children attending the emergency department for an orofacial infection or trauma over 2 months. Pain management in the emergency department, analgesia prescribed at home and, following a call to parents, treatment provided and its adequacy to control pain were registered. Results. In total, 252patients (mean age: 4.5 years, SD: 3.89) were included. Pain assessment was recorded at the triage for 8.7%, and in the medical report, for 3.6%. Analgesia was administered to 41.3% in the emergency room. At discharge, no analgesia was prescribed to 13.9%; scheduled analgesia, to 25.4%; and as needed, to 60.3%. Pediatricians prescribed scheduled analgesia more frequently than surgeons (34.4% versus 16.5%, p < 0.01). At home, no analgesia was administered to 39.3%; scheduled analgesia, to 36.1%; and as needed, to 23%. There is little correlation between prescription at discharge and at home (Kappa: 0.178). Analgesia was considered adequate in 84% of cases, and was more frequent in trauma injuries than in infections (85.7% versus 14.3%, p < 0.01). Conclusions. Pain assessment and management was scarce in the emergency department. The most common prescription was as needed, contrary to what is recommended in the guidelines. Analgesic control worked better for trauma injuries than for infections.

Atualidades sobre o tratamento das disfunções temporomandibulares / Updates on the management of temporomandibular disorders

O crescimento das situações estressantes, associado a outros fatores agravantes, tem tornado as Disfunções Temporomandibulares (DTM) foco de diversas pesquisas e intervenções clínicas. As incorreções oclusais, musculares e comportamentais podem alterar o sistema estomatognático, prejudicando a saúde periodontal, dental e dos demais tecidos bucais, e comprometendo os trabalhos clínicos já realizados. A compreensão dessa patologia deve ser de conhecimento do cirurgião-dentista, especialmente daquele que vai realizar reabilitações bucais implantossuportadas. O controle da DTM pode ser primordial para o sucesso do tratamento planejado. Condições diagnósticas e comportamentais do paciente podem orientar as propostas terapêuticas do profi ssional, e essa tem sido cada vez mais uma realidade para o controle das situações sintomáticas relacionadas às DTM. Fatores inerentes ao diagnóstico são relevantes na condução terapêutica, e somente através de procedimentos sistemáticos e bem estruturados é possível obter dados que assegurem organizar a intervenção necessária ao manejo das DTM. Neste artigo descrevemos alguns procedimentos adotados em nossa conduta clínica para o diagnóstico das DTM, ao mesmo tempo em que abordamos algumas modalidades de intervenção terapêutica, com uma visão voltada à terapia baseada em evidências.

The stressful situations associated with other aggravating factors has made Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) the focus of several researches and clinical interventions. Occlusal, muscular and behavioral disturbance may alter the stomatognathic system, compromising periodontal, dental and other oral tissues health, as well as some clinical work already done. The understanding of this pathology should be relevant to the dentist, especially when it will be performed supported implant rehabilitations. Control of TMD may be critical to the success of planned treatment. Diagnostic conditions and behavioral understanding of the patient may guide the therapeutic proposals, and it has been an increasingly reality for the control of TMD symptomatic situations. Factors inherent to the diagnosis are relevant in the therapeutic conduction, and it is only through systematic and well structured procedures the data can be obtained to organize the necessary intervention for TMD management. In this article, we describe some of the procedures adopted in our clinical management for the diagnosis of TMD, while addressing some modalities of therapeutic intervention, with a vision focused on evidence-based therapy.

Multidimensional study of orofacial chronic neuropathic pain: an experimental study in rats

Orofacial neuropathic chronic pain (NCP) is frequently attributed to lesions caused by orofacial surgeries and dental treatments. there are many experimental models available to study orofacial NCP, however, many are extremely painful for the animal due to the amplitude of the innervated region. a previously proposed mental nerve constriction model, mNC, was used in this project. forty wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: one group included rats with mNC (n=20), and another rats with sham lesions (n=20). through the use of the fixed ratio program and the progressive program, a decrease of motivation for a sweet substance, caused by the lesion, was evaluated. the possibility of alterations in cognitive learning and adaptation abilities was also assessed using the go/no-go behavioral task. the mNC group showed low induced and spontaneously evoked pain responses, as well as a decrease in the motivation for sucrose, a sign of anhedonia. this decrease does not depend on taste processing. finally, although no alterations in the learning-memory process were observed, the mNC group did show alterations when adapting to a new rule.

Somatosensory, inflammatory and pain evaluation during orthodontic treatment / Avaliação das alterações dolorosas, inflamatórias e somatossensoriais em pacientes durante tratamento ortodôntico

Experimental tooth movement has been shown to induce inflammation and release of chemical mediators. Inflammation can also alter nerve function that can be measured with Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST). Various authors have studied orthodontic pain and the different factors that modify it. But, to our knowledge none studied a possible individual endogenous analgesia effect on orthodontic induced-pain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of orthodontic separator and short-term fixed orthodontic appliance on the somatosensory function and gingival cervicular fluid (GCF) levels of IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α. Thirty patients were evaluated as follow: baseline, 24h-after elastomeric separator (24h-aES), 24h and 1 month after bonding the fixed appliance (aBFA) at maxillary and mandibular arch. The outcome variables were: self-reported pain, QSTs (current perception threshold, cold detection threshold, warm detection threshold, mechanical detection threshold, mechanical supra threshold and wind-up ratio, CPM and sample from the GCF in order to assess cytokines profile (IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α). ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc analyses were performed (a = 5%). The participants were divided in two groups: G1) RESPONDERS (more than 10% decrease in WUR); G2) NON-RESPONDERS (not show more than 10% decrease in WUR). T-test for independent sample was performed. A Bonferroni correction lowered the significance level to 0.1% (p = 0.001) as the cut-off point to establish the statistical significance for the mean difference between CPM responders and non-responders. Patients were less sensitive to pin prick pain (MST) at 24h (p<0.020) and 1month-aBFA (p<0.002) when compared to baseline. Significant increases in IL-6 levels were observed 24h-aBFA (p<0.023) and in IL-1ß (p<0.001) and TNF-α (p<0.026) levels at 1 month-aBFA when compared to baseline values (p<0.023). There was no significant difference in somatosensory function, pain report and GCF cytokines when compared between G1 and G2. In conclusion, orthodontic-induced inflammation may have a modality specific effect on somatosensory function of the trigeminal system. In addition, elastic separators seem not an ideal model to study possible inflammatory changes following orthodontic tooth movement. Moreover, CPM efficiency may not significantly influence somatosensory function, pain intensity or released of inflammatory cytokines following orthodontic tooth movement up to 1 month. However, remained to be confirmed and further investigations are required in intraoral somatosensory assessment.(AU)

O movimento dentário experimental demonstrou induzir inflamação e liberação de mediadores químicos. A inflamação também pode alterar a função nervosa que pode ser medida através de testes quantitativos sensoriais (QST). Vários autores estudaram a dor ortodôntica e os diferentes fatores que a modificam. Mas, ao nosso conhecimento, não há estudos avaliando o efeito da analgesia endógena individual na dor induzida por ortodontia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o impacto do separador ortodôntico e do aparelho ortodôntico fixo de curta duração na função somatossensorial e nos níveis do fluido cervical gengival (GCF) de IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-6 e TNF-α. Trinta pacientes foram avaliados da seguinte forma: valores basais, 24 horas após separador elástico (24h- AES), 24h e 1 mês após a ligação do aparelho fixo (aBFA) no arco maxilar e mandibular. As variáveis avaliadas foram: dor, QSTs (limiar de percepção elétrica, limiar de detecção ao frio, limiar de detecção ao quente, limiar de detecção mecânica, supralimiar mecânico e razão de somação temporal, CPM e amostra do GCF para avaliar perfil das citocinas ( IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-6 e TNF-α). A ANOVA e as análises post hoc de Tukey foram realizadas (a = 5%). Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: G1) CPM-RESPONDENTES (diminuição de mais de 10% em WUR); G2) CPM-NÃO RESPONDENTES (não mostra mais de 10% de diminuição na WUR). Foi realizado teste T para amostra independente. Uma correção de Bonferroni reduziu o nível de significância para 0,1% (p = 0,001) como ponto de corte para estabelecer a significância estatística para a diferença média entre G1 o G2. Os pacientes eram menos sensíveis à dor de pin (MST) às 24h (p <0,020) e 1 mês-aBFA (p <0,002) quando comparado à linha de base. Observaram-se aumentos significativos nos níveis de IL-6 níveis 24h-aBFA (p <0,023) e nos níveis de IL-1ß (p <0,001) e TNF-α (p <0,026) em 1 mês-aBFA quando comparados aos valores basais (p < 0,023). Não houve diferença significativa na função somatossensorial, no relatório da dor e citocinas do FCG quando comparadas entre G1 e G2. Em conclusão, a inflamação induzida por ortodontia pode ter um efeito de modalidade específico na função somatossensorial do sistema trigeminal. Além disso, os separadores elásticos não parecem ser um modelo ideal para estudar possíveis alterações inflamatórias após o movimento dentário ortodôntico. Além disso, a eficiência de CPM pode não influenciar significativamente a função somatossensorial, intensidade da dor ou liberação de citocinas inflamatórias após o movimento dentário ortodôntico até 1 mês. No entanto, outras investigações são necessárias na avaliação somatossensorial intraoral.(AU)

Mucocele maxilar secundario a cirugía ortognática: reporte de un caso / Maxillary mucocele after an orthognathic surgery: case report

El mucocele es un tumor pseudoquístico poco frecuente en el seno maxilar y una rara complicación de la cirugía ortognática. El caso reportado describe la presentación de un mucocele que afecta parcialmente el seno maxilar y se presenta clínicamente como un tumor nasal. Se trata de una mujer de 44 años que, luego de 12 años de realizarse cirugías ortognáticas, presenta dolor facial y obstrucción de la fosa nasal derecha. La tomografía axial computarizada de senos paranasales revela una masa de contenido líquido que ocupa la mitad inferior del seno maxilar derecho, extendiéndose a la fosa nasal ipsilateral. La paciente es intervenida por vía endoscópica realizándose una marsupialización intranasal y meatotomía media, evolucionando satisfactoriamente en un seguimiento de dos años.

Mucoceles are not often found in the maxillary sinus, and is a rare surgery complication, in this case, orthognathic. This review describes a mucocele that partially occupies the right maxillary sinus, causing a chronic nasal obstruction. This is the case of a 44 year-old female patient, which after 12 years of several orthognathic surgeries, presents facial pain and right nasal obstruction. The paranasal sinus computed tomography reveals a mass with liquid content that occupies the lower part of the right maxillary sinus and compromises the right nasal cavity. The patient was treated with an intranasal marsupialization and a middle meatotomy with endoscopic nasal approach. Evolution was satisfactory two years after the intervention.

Orotracheal intubation and temporomandibular disorder: a longitudinal controlled study / Intubação orotraqueal e disfunção temporomandibular: estudo longitudinal controlado

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder in elective surgery patients who underwent orotracheal intubation. METHODS: This was a longitudinal controlled study with two groups. The study group included patients who underwent orotracheal intubation and a control group. We used the American Academy of Orofacial Pain questionnaire to assess the temporomandibular disorder signs and symptoms one-day postoperatively (T1), and the patients' baseline status prior to surgery (T0) was also recorded. The same questionnaire was used after three months (T2). The mouth opening amplitude was measured at T1 and T2. We considered a pvalue of less than 0.05 to be significant. RESULTS: We included 71 patients, with 38 in the study group and 33 in the control. There was no significant difference between the groups in age (study group: 66.0 [52.5-72.0]; control group: 54.0 [47.0-68.0]; p = 0.117) or in their belonging to the female gender (study group: 57.9%; control group: 63.6%; p = 0.621). At T1, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the incidence of mouth opening limitation (study group: 23.7% vs. control group: 18.2%;p = 0.570) or in the mouth opening amplitude (study group: 45.0 [40.0-47.0] vs. control group: 46.0 [40.0-51.0];p = 0.278). At T2 we obtained similar findings. There was no significant difference in the affirmative response to all the individual questions in the American Academy of Orofacial Pain questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: In our population, the incidence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder of muscular origin was not different between the groups.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Determinar a incidência de sinais e sintomas de disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) em pacientes de cirurgia eletiva submetidos à intubação orotraqueal. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal controlado com dois grupos. O grupo de estudo incluiu pacientes que foram submetidos à intubação orotraqueal e um grupo controle. Usamos o questionário da Academia Americana de Dor Orofacial (AAOP) para avaliar os sinais e sintomas da DTM no primeiro dia de pós-operatório (T1) e os estados basais dos pacientes antes da cirurgia (T0) também foram registrados. O mesmo questionário foi usado após três meses (T2). A amplitude da abertura bucal foi medida em T1 e T2. Consideramos um valor p inferior a 0,05 como significativo. RESULTADOS: No total, 71 pacientes foram incluídos, com 38 pacientes no grupo de estudo e 33 no grupo controle. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à idade (grupo de estudo: 66 [52,5-72]; grupo controle: 54 [47-68], p = 0,117) ou gênero feminino (grupo de estudo: 57,9%; grupo controle: 63,6%, p = 0,621). No T1, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos quanto à incidência de limitação de abertura bucal (grupo de estudo: 23,7% vs. grupo controle: 18,2%, p = 0,570) ou amplitude de abertura bucal (grupo de estudo: 45 [40-47]vs. grupo controle: 46 [40-51], p = 0,278). Em T2, os resultados obtidos foram semelhantes. Não houve diferença significativa na resposta afirmativa a todas as perguntas individuais do questionário AAOP. CONCLUSÕES: Em nossa população, a incidência de sinais e sintomas de DTM de origem muscular não foi diferente entre os grupos.

Comparative evaluation of somatosensory mechanisms involved in orofacial somatic, visceral and neuropathic pain / Avaliação comparativa dos mecanismos somatossensoriais envolvidos na gênese das dores orofaciais de origem somática, visceral e neuropática

Orofacial pain conditions can be classified into somatic, visceral or neuropathic pain. Somatic pain is triggered by a noxious stimulus generally inducted by peripheral traumas, such as dental implants surgeries (IMP). Visceral pain initiates within internal body tissues and is normally triggered by inflammation, as in inflammatory toothaches (IT). The third condition is neuropathic pain, which results from persistent injury to the peripheral nerve as in Atypical Odontalgia (AO). The aims of this study were: 1- to investigate somatosensory abnormalities, using mechanical, painful, and electrical quantitative sensory testing (QST), in somatic (IMP patients), visceral (IT) and neuropathic pain (AO); 2- to quantify how accurately QST discriminates an IT or AO diagnosis; and 3- to investigate the influence implant surgeries or pulpectomy may have on somatosensory system and sensory nerve fibers. Sixty subjects were divided in three groups: IMP (n = 20), IT (n = 20) and AO group (n = 20). A sequence of five QSTs and the Conditioned Pain Modulation Test (CPM) were performed one month and three months after dental implant surgery (IMP group) or pulpectomy (IT group). AO group was evaluated only at baseline. QST comprehended Mechanical Detection Threshold (MDT), Mechanical Pain Threshold (MPT), Dynamical Mechanical Allodynia (DMA), Current Perception Threshold (CPT) for A-beta (frequency of 2000Hz), A-delta (250Hz) and C fibers (5Hz) and Temporal Summation Test (TS). "Z" score transformation were applied to the data, and within and between groups were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio of QSTs were calculated (α = 5%). The findings of this study proved that: 1- loss of function for touch threshold and electrical threshold of C fibers is present in inflammatory toothache; 2- allodynia, hyperalgesia, gain of function for touch and pain thresholds and impaired pain modulation is detected in atypical odontalgia; 3- some QSTs may be used as complementary tests in the differential diagnosis of atypical odontalgia and inflammatory toothache with strong accuracy; 4- the most accurate QSTs for differential diagnosis between subjects with AO and IT were MDT, MPT and DMA where touch threshold forces > 1 g/mm2 and pain threshold forces > 10g/mm2 can be used to accurately discriminate AO from IT; and 5- no somatosensory modification is found after implant surgery and reduced electrical threshold in C fiber is found for patients with inflammatory toothache after 3 months of pulpectomy.(AU)

As dores orofaciais podem ser classificadas em dores somáticas, viscerais ou neuropáticas. A dor somática está relacionada a um estímulo nocivo evidente, geralmente associada a um trauma periférico, como por exemplo, nas cirurgias de implantes (IMP). As dores viscerais têm origem dentro dos órgãos e cavidades internas do corpo e são ativadas pela inflamação, como no exemplo da dor de dente do tipo Pulpite Aguda (PA). A terceira condição é a dor neuropática, que resulta de uma lesão persistente ao nervo periférico, como ocorre na Odontalgia Atípica (OA). Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1- avaliar as alterações somatossensoriais, por meio do uso de Testes Sensoriais Quantitativos (TSQ) mecânicos, dolorosos e elétricos em dores somáticas (pacientes IMP), viscerais (PA) e neuropáticas (OA); 2- quantificar a acurácia dos TSQs na descriminação diagnóstica de uma PA ou OA; e 3- investigar alterações somatossensoriais e nas fibras nervosas sensoriais após cirurgia de instalação de implantes dentários ou pulpectomia. Sessenta sujeitos foram divididos em três grupos: IMP (n = 20), PA (n = 20) e OA (n = 20). Uma sequência de cinco TSQs e o teste de Controle da Modulação da Dor (CMD) foram realizados um mês e três meses após cirurgia de implantes (grupo IMP) ou pulpectomia (grupo PA). No grupo OA, os testes foram realizados somente uma vez no início do estudo. Os TSQs englobaram o Limiar de Detecção Mecânica (LDM), Limiar de Dor Mecânica (LDoM), Alodinia Mecânica Dinâmica (AMD), Limiar de Percepção de Corrente (LPC) para fibras A-beta (frequência de 2000Hz), A-delta (250Hz) e C (5 Hz), e o teste de Somação Temporal (ST). A transformação em escores de "Z" foi aplicada aos dados, e diferenças intra e inter-grupos foram analisadas usando ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Ainda, a acurácia diagnóstica dos TSQs foi medida por meio da sensibilidade, especificidade, razão de verossimilhança e razão de chances para diagnóstico (α = 5%). Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que: 1- perda da função em limiar táctil e limiar elétrico de fibras C está presente na Pulpite Aguda; 2- alodinia, hiperalgesia, ganho de função nos limiares de tato e de dor, e modulação da dor prejudicada são encontrados em pacientes com odontalgia atípica; 3- alguns TSQs podem ser usados como testes diagnósticos complementares ao diagnóstico diferencial entre PA e OA; 4- os TSQs com maior acurácia para o diagnóstico diferencial entre indivíduos com PA e OA foram LDM LDoM e AMD, onde uma força maior que 1 g/mm2 para limiar de tato e maior que 10 g/mm2 para limiar de dor podem ser usados com precisão; e 5- nenhuma alteração somatossensorial é encontrada após cirurgia de implantes e uma redução no limiar elétrico em fibras C é encontrado em pacientes com PA após 3 meses da pulpectomia.(AU)